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Users Guide

Preface

Notice of Warning Concerning Patent and Trade-Mark Rights and Listing of Manufacturer, Labeler, and/or Distributor — The inclusion in the text of the AHFS Drug Information^® 2025 of any drugs in respect to which patent or trademark rights may exist shall not be deemed, and is not intended as a grant of, or authority to exercise, any right or privilege protected by such patent or trademark. All such rights and privileges are vested in the patent or trademark owner, and no other person may exercise the same without express permission, authority, or license secured from such patent or trademark owner. Listing of proprietary titles for the drugs covered in the monographs in AHFS Drug Information^® 2025 is for the purpose of information only. It is not to be interpreted as constituting or implying the right or privilege to dispense any product, other than the one prescribed or ordered under the trademark specified in a prescription order without the consent of the prescriber or as dictated by appropriate laws, regulations, and practices governing such practice. FDA regulations establish specific criteria under which a firm may present itself as the manufacturer, labeler, and/or distributor of a specific drug product. The listing of firms in the text of AHFS Drug Information^® 2025 is for informational purposes only and may not necessarily be consistent with FDA regulations. Readers should refer to FDA regulations and the agency for specific information on this subject.

The use of portions of the text, including some of the graphic formulas, of the United States Pharmacopeia, Twenty-fourth Revision, and the National Formulary, Nineteenth Edition, official January 1, 1994^®, and of previous revisions official at the time the AHFS Drug Information^® 2025 monographs were published, and of current and previous editions of the USP Dictionary of USAN and International Drug Names is by permission received from the United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. The Convention is not responsible for any inaccuracy of quotation or for any false or misleading implication that may arise due to the text or formulas as used or due to the quotation of revisions no longer official.

The nature of drug information is that it is constantly evolving because of ongoing research and clinical experience and is often subject to interpretation and the uniqueness of each clinical situation and patient. While care has been taken to ensure the accuracy of the information presented, the reader is advised that the authors, editors, reviewers, contributors, and publishers cannot be responsible for the continued currency of the information or for any errors or omissions in this book or for any consequences arising therefrom. Because of the dynamic nature of drug information, readers are advised that decisions regarding drug therapy must be based on the independent judgment of the clinician, changing information about a drug (e.g., as reflected in the literature), and changing medical practices.

THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEALTH-SYSTEM PHARMACISTS, INC. REPRESENTS THAT THE INFORMATION PROVIDED IN THE ACCOMPANYING MONOGRAPHS WAS FORMULATED WITH A REASONABLE STANDARD OF CARE, AND IN CONFORMITY WITH PROFESSIONAL STANDARDS IN THE FIELD. READERS ARE ADVISED THAT DECISIONS REGARDING USE OF DRUGS ARE COMPLEX MEDICAL DECISIONS REQUIRING INDEPENDENT, INFORMED DECISIONS OF AN APPROPRIATE HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONAL, AND THAT THE INFORMATION CONTAINED IN EACH MONOGRAPH IS PROVIDED FOR INFORMATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY. THE MANUFACTURER’S LABELING SHOULD BE CONSULTED FOR MORE DETAILED INFORMATION. THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEALTH-SYSTEM PHARMACISTS, INC. DOES NOT ENDORSE OR RECOMMEND THE USE OF ANY DRUG. THE INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THE MONOGRAPH IS NOT A SUBSTITUTE FOR MEDICAL CARE.

© 2025, American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists.

ASHP^® is a service mark of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc.; registered in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.

Production Services: Progressive Publishing Services

Printing: Marquis Imprimeur, Inc.

Cover Design: DeVall Advertising

Page Design: David Wade

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 59-7620

ISBN: 978-1-58528-761-1

ISSN: 8756-6028

Printed in Canada

AHFS^® Drug Information. © Copyright, 1959-2025, Selected Revisions January 10, 2025. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc., 4500 East-West Highway, Suite 900, Bethesda, Maryland 20814.